Inversion of control container

The core of Spring is the org.springframework.beans package, designed for working with JavaBeans. This package typically isn't used directly by users, but underpins much Spring functionality.
The next higher layer of abstraction is the bean factory. A Spring bean factory is a generic factory that enables objects to be retrieved by name, and which can manage relationships between objects.
Bean factories support two modes of object:

1 Singleton: in this case, there's one shared instance of the object with a particular name, which will be retrieved on lookup. This is the default, and most often used, mode. It's ideal for stateless service objects.

2 Prototype or non-singleton: in this case, each retrieval will result in the creation of an independent object. For example, this could be used to allow each caller to have its own distinct object reference.
Because the Spring container manages relationships between objects, it can add value where necessary through services such as transparent pooling for managed POJOs, and support for hot swapping, where the container introduces a level of indirection that allows the target of a reference to be swapped at runtime without affecting callers and without loss of thread safety. One of the beauties of Dependency Injection (discussed shortly) is that all this is possible transparently, with no API involved.

As org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory is a simple interface, it can be implemented in different ways. The BeanDefinitionReader interface separates the metadata format from BeanFactory implementations themselves, so the generic BeanFactory implementations Spring provides can be used with different types of metadata. You could easily implement your own BeanFactory or BeanDefinitionReader, although few users find a need to. The most commonly used BeanFactory definitions are:

1 XmlBeanFactory: This parses a simple, intuitive XML structure defining the classes and properties of named objects. We provide a DTD to make authoring easier.

2 DefaultListableBeanFactory: This provides the ability to parse bean definitions in properties files, and create BeanFactories programmatically.